Advanced Manufacturing Initiative . The M- Path program is funded by a $2. Trade Adjustment Assistance Community College and Career Training initiative (TAACCCT) grant from the U. S. Department of Labor and U. S. Department of Education.
Southface Energy Institute: Advanced Commercial Buildings Initiative. Southface Energy Institute: Advanced Commercial Buildings. Manufacturing converts a wide range of raw materials, components, and parts into finished goods that meet market expectations. The Advanced Manufacturing Office (AMO) partners with industry, small business, universities, and. President Obama announced the BRAIN initiative in April 2013. DARPA is supporting the BRAIN initiative through a number of programs. Advanced CLARITY Method Offers Faster. FACT SHEET: White House Advanced Manufacturing Initiatives to Drive Innovation and Encourage Companies to Invest in the United States.
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Strategic Defense Initiative - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was a proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from attack by ballistic strategic nuclear weapons (intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine- launched ballistic missiles). The system, which was to combine ground- based units and orbital deployment platforms, was first publicly announced by President Ronald Reagan on March 2. The Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) was set up in 1. United States Department of Defense to oversee the Strategic Defense Initiative.
Reagan was a vocal critic of MAD doctrine. SDI was an important part of his defense policy intended to end MAD as a nuclear deterrence strategy, as well as a strategic initiative to neutralize the military component of the Soviet Union's nuclear defenses. In 1. 98. 7, the American Physical Society concluded that a global shield such as . This article covers defense efforts under the SDIO. Under the SDIO's Innovative Sciences and Technology Office, headed by physicist and engineer Dr. In the lecture Teller talked about the idea of defending against nuclear missiles by using nuclear weapons.
Held at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the lecture was attended by Reagan shortly after he became the governor of California. However, he was struck by their comments that while they could track the attack down to the individual targets, there was nothing one could do to stop it. Reagan felt that in the event of an attack this would place the president in a terrible position, having to choose between immediate counterattack or attempting to absorb the attack and then maintain an upper hand in the post- attack era. Shultz suggests that this feeling of helplessness, coupled with the defensive ideas proposed by Teller a decade earlier, combined to form the impetus of the SDI.
Graham conceived a concept he called the High Frontier, an idea of strategic defense using ground- and space- based weapons theoretically possible because of emerging technologies. It was designed to replace the doctrine of Mutual assured destruction, a doctrine that Reagan and his aides described as a suicide pact. O Group was headed by physicist Lowell Wood, a prot. Nobel Prize- winning physicist Hans Bethe went to Livermore in February 1. X- ray laser, and .
As the Cold War started, the Soviets found themselves facing massive USAF and Royal Air Forcestrategic bomber fleets they could not hope to counter in the air. In response they dramatically increased their efforts in SAM development, deploying the S- 2. Berkut system around Moscow as early as 1. Similar US and UK weapons soon followed.
By the late 1. 95. US air fleet to penetrate Soviet airspace was increasingly at risk. In response, both sides increased their efforts to develop long- range missiles. The Soviets, with no effective bomber force of their own, put considerable effort into their program and quickly brought their basic R- 7 Semyorka ballistic system into operation in 1. The ICBM's high trajectory meant they became visible to defensive radars not long after being launched, which meant that defensive systems would have time to prepare. Although they moved quickly in flight, early re- entry systems slowed dramatically once they reached the lower atmosphere.
By the early 1. 96. ABM) systems. As ABMs were being developed, countermeasures were also being studied. As the systems generally used long- range radars to find and track the incoming warheads, the simplest solution was to add radar reflectors and other decoys to the launch.
These took up little room or weight, but would make a radar return that looked like an additional warhead. This would force the defender to use more ABMs to ensure the . Neither option was particularly attractive in cost terms, generally requiring more and faster missiles. A better understanding of Nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NEMP) presented new problems; a warhead set off at high altitudes and long ranges from the defensive missiles could blind the radars, making the incoming warheads only become visible at lower altitudes. This would further reduce the amount of time the ABM system had to react. Even before the systems were ready for use, the number of interceptor missiles needed to effectively deter an attack kept increasing.
As the ABM systems were expensive, it appeared the simplest way to defeat them was to simply make more ICBMs and deliberately start an arms race the defender could not win. By the late 1. 96. The Anti- Ballistic Missile Treaty, signed in 1.
ABM systems, later followed by limits on the number of warheads. Both countries continued to deploy a single ABM site; the US briefly deployed a single site under their Safeguard Program, while the Soviets deployed A3. A1. 35 missile defense system around Moscow.
Attack from above. If the interceptors were placed in orbit, some of them could be positioned over the Soviet Union at all times. It was also much easier to track the ICBMs during launch, due to their huge infrared signatures, and disguising these signatures would require the construction of large rockets instead of small radar decoys. Moreover, each interceptor could kill one ICBM; MIRV had no effect. As long as the interceptor missile was inexpensive, the advantage was on the side of the defense. The US Air Force had studied these concepts under . BAMBI interceptors would be deployed on a series of satellites, and would be launched towards ICBMs as they climbed.
As they approached the ICBM, they would open a large metal net, which would destroy the missile on impact. Depending on assumptions about the accuracy of the system and the number of missiles it would have to face, between 4. USSR at any one time. As their space logistical abilities improved through the 1. ICBM numbers meant the numbers of interceptors needed grew to overwhelm any possible launch capability. However, the introduction of the laser in the 1. The amount of time needed to attack any one missile was known as the .
Given current laser energies this was impractical, but the concept was studied throughout the 1. X- ray laser. Two years later at a conference in Italy, he made the same claims about their ambitions, but with a subtle change; now he claimed that the reason for their boldness was their development of new space- based weapons. In fact, according to popular author Frances Fitz.
Gerald, there was absolutely no evidence that such research was being carried out. What had really changed was that Teller was now selling his latest nuclear weapon, the X- ray laser. Finding limited success in his efforts to get funding for the project, his speech in Italy was a new attempt to create a missile gap. With both devices reportedly designed to pre- emptively destroy any US satellites that might be launched in the future which could otherwise aid US missile defense. In 1. 98. 7 a disguised Mir space station module was lifted on the inaugural flight of the Energia booster as the Polyus and it has since been revealed that this craft housed a number of systems of the Skif laser and it was intended that they clandestinely be tested in orbit, if it had not been for the spacecraft's attitude control system malfunctioning upon separation from the booster and it failing to reach orbit. Livermore had been working on X- ray lasers for some time, but Chapline found a new solution that used the massive release of X- rays from a thermonuclear weapon as the source of light for a small baseball- bat sized lasing crystal in the form of a metal rod. Peter Hagelstein, new to O Group, set about creating computer simulations of the system in order to understand why.
At first he demonstrated that Chapline's original calculations were simply wrong and the Diablo Hawk system could not possibly work. But as he continued his efforts, he found that using heavier metals appeared to make a machine that would work. Through 1. 97. 9 a new test was planned to take advantage of his work. The Soviet ICBM fleet had tens of thousands of warheads, but only about 1,4. In Molniya orbits, where the satellites would spend much of their time over the USSR, only a few dozen satellites would be needed, in total. An article in Aviation Week and Space Technology described how the devices . Other labs had been working on ideas of their own, from new space or ground- based missiles, to chemical lasers, to particle beam weapons.
Angelo Codevilla argued for similar funding for powerful chemical lasers as well. In a meeting with Teller and Lowell Wood, a critic noted that the Soviets could easily defeat the system by attacking the satellite, whose only defense, if it had been unarmed, was to destroy itself. However this may have been rectified if the satellite also included a means of self- defense. At the time Teller was stymied by these arguments; the concept was later adapted to a .
General James Alan Abrahamson USAF, a past Director of the NASA Space Shuttle program. However, as the threat diminished, the program shifted towards smaller systems designed to defeat limited or accidental launches. By 1. 98. 7, the SDIO had developed a national missile defense concept called the Strategic Defense System Phase I Architecture. This concept consisted of ground and space based sensors and weapons, as well as a central battle management system.
Bush shifted the focus of SDI from defense of North America against large scale strikes to a system focusing on theater missile defense called Global Protection Against Limited Strikes (GPALS). The Ballistic Missile Defense Organization was renamed again by the George W. Bush administration as the Missile Defense Agency and focused onto limited National Missile Defense. Ground- based programs. ERINT was a prototype missile similar to the FLAGE, but it used a new solid- propellant rocket motor that allowed it to fly faster and higher than FLAGE.
Under BMDO, ERINT was later chosen as the MIM- 1. Patriot(Patriot Advanced Capability- 3,PAC- 3) missile.